It suppresses IL-6 and TNF- production while enhancing IL-10 production in macrophages, and inhibits the mTOR/STAT3 pathway in T cells, thereby reducing proinflammatory Th17 cells and cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22, while promoting regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation ( ( Clinically, paricalcitol supplementation has been shown to decrease serum IL-6 and TNF- levels and reduce proteinuria in nondialysis CKD patients ( Together, these findings support the role of vitamin D in modulating immune and inflammatory responses in CKD through multiple pathways and highlight its close connection to oxidative stress, which will be discussed in the next section
Agarwal P, Leurgans SE, Agrawal S, Aggarwal NT, Cherian LJ, James BD, et al
Membrane ruffling occurs in cells loaded with cytoplasmic lipid droplets and translates into high mobility in 3-dimensional matrix and rapid transition from the blood to the tissue (128)
Webb, Does the prophylactic administration of N-acetylcysteine prevent acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery
