Methods and Materials Subjects This cross-sectional study included 68 chronic cigarette smoking individuals, hereafter referred to as smokers (35 males, age: 35.3 12.6 (mean standard deviation (s.d.)), age ranged from 19 to 58), and 66 individuals who have smoked less than 10 cigarettes throughout their lifetime, hereafter referred to as controls (33 males, age 33.0 8.2 (mean s.d.), age ranged from 21 to 51)
Have an independent laboratory conduct air and surface sampling to determine what chemicals, heavy metals, and other toxins may be present
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Additionally, databases such as the CTD, which highlights the health impacts of toxic agents and provides insights into the relationships between stressors and disease 3 , GeneCards, an integrative resource containing information about human genes from various online sources 4 , and DisGeNET, focused on compiling data regarding the associations between genes and human diseases 5 , were screened to extract a set of AO (e.g., small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer) and altered genes (e.g., TP53 , KRAS , EGFR ) related to lung cancer
