Microplastics cause changes in protein structure [2], interact with cell membrane lipids, induce transcription of inflammatory genes and increase production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lead to dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and induce cell death due to oxidative stress
ROS are highly reactive and include free radicals like superoxide anion (O 2 ) and hydroxyl radical (OH), as well as non-radical molecules such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) ( Under physiological conditions, a small amount of ROS is essential for sperm functions, including the initiation of capacitation, a process required for sperm to acquire the ability to fertilize an egg
Two PDE5 inhibitors working together, Tadalafil for duration and Vardenafil for rapid onset
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a substance is handled by the body, covering its Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) [1]