20 Primarily, NADPH provides reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthase (FASN), the main rate-limiting enzyme, to synthesize fatty acids with acetyl-CoA serving as a primer and malonyl-CoA as a two-carbon donor, 21,22 and provides the needed electrons for ironsulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly that participate in non-essential amino acid biosynthesis and lipoic acid synthesis, tRNA modification, DNA replication and repair, and telomere maintenance
Impaired insulin signaling Insulin signaling plays a crucial role in maintaining peripheral nerve health, and its impairment significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of DPN
A nasal spray must penetrate nasal mucosa, possibly deal with mucociliary clearance, and may have somewhat reduced bioavailability
Host polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce nitric oxide, superoxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide in response to bacterial infection